Below we describe a few other prevalent multi-label datasets and explain how the ML48S differs800 from them, hence they were excluded from comparison in this paper.801 PASCALVOC [11] was created for object detection and classification, covering 20 basic-level802 classes across 4,574 images, with most images containing a single prominent object. This dataset is803 much smaller than ML48S and also contains much fewer classes which are all coarse-grained.804 VG500 is a modification of the Visual Genome dataset [19], a dataset focused on dense annotations805 linking images to respective captions. This dataset is not intended to be bounded by categories806 but has open-vocabulary annotations.

L48 stands out among similar datasets as being at country-wide, year-round scale while still maintaining high-quality bounding box annotations (see Table 1a).

Recent research has shown that pre-trained vision-language models are effective at identifying out-of-distribution (OOD) samples by using negative labels as guidance. However, employing consistent negative labels across different OOD datasets often results in semantic misalignments, as these text labels may not accurately reflect the actual space of OOD images. To overcome this issue, we introduce \textit{adaptive negative proxies}, which are dynamically generated during testing by exploring actual OOD images, to align more closely with the underlying OOD label space and enhance the efficacy of negative proxy guidance. Specifically, our approach utilizes a feature memory bank to selectively cache discriminative features from test images, representing the targeted OOD distribution. This facilitates the creation of proxies that can better align with specific OOD datasets.

Pseudo-labeling has emerged as a popular and effective approach for utilizing unlabeled data.

Themostpopular fashion of SSFSL is to predict unlabeled data with pseudo-labels by carefully devising tailored strategies, and then augment the extremely small support set of labeled data in few-shot classification,e.g., [9,15,36].

Discrimination is commonly an issue in applications where decisions need to be made sequentially. The most prominent such application is online advertising where platforms need to sequentially select which ad to display in response to particular query searches.